Heat exhaustion and heatstroke demand immediate recognition and response. Both conditions emerge when the body fails to regulate temperature in extreme heat, but heatstroke represents a medical emergency that can cause permanent organ damage or death.
Heat exhaustion typically produces heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, and muscle cramps. Skin appears pale and clammy. Body temperature stays below 40 degrees Celsius. If someone shows these symptoms, move them to a cool place, lay them flat with legs elevated, apply cool wet cloths, and have them drink water slowly. Most people recover fully within 30 minutes with proper care.
Heatstroke is far more dangerous. The body temperature rises above 40 degrees Celsius, sweating stops, and the person may become confused, aggressive, or lose consciousness. Some experience seizures. This condition kills. Call emergency services immediately.
While waiting for help, cool the person rapidly. Remove excess clothing, apply ice packs to the groin, armpits, and neck where major blood vessels sit close to the surface, or immerse them in cool water if possible. Do not give them fluids if they are unconscious.
Prevention remains the strongest defense. Drink water constantly during heat waves, avoid peak sun hours between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., and wear loose light-colored clothing. Elderly people, young children, pregnant women, and those with existing health conditions face heightened risk.
Pay attention to outdoor workers, athletes, and anyone on medication that affects sweating or fluid balance. Dehydration accelerates both conditions. Check on vulnerable neighbors and friends during heat alerts.