Heat exhaustion and heatstroke demand immediate recognition and swift action. Heat exhaustion occurs when the body loses too much salt and water through sweating, triggering a cascade of symptoms. Victims experience heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, muscle cramps, and a fast pulse. Skin feels clammy and pale. Body temperature remains normal or slightly elevated.
Heatstroke escalates the emergency. The body's cooling system fails entirely. Sweating stops. Body temperature soars above 40 degrees Celsius. Confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, and rapid breathing follow. Heatstroke kills without intervention.
If someone shows heat exhaustion signs, move them to shade or air conditioning immediately. Lay them flat with legs elevated. Give water or sports drinks to replace lost electrolytes. Apply cool, wet cloths to skin. Recovery typically takes 30 minutes with proper care.
Heatstroke demands emergency services. Call 999 or your local equivalent. While waiting, move the person to a cool space. Remove unnecessary clothing. Cool them aggressively with water, ice packs, or wet sheets. Fan them constantly to maximize evaporation. Do not give fluids if they're unconscious or confused. Monitor breathing and pulse.
Prevention stops both conditions. Drink water constantly during heat waves, not just when thirsty. Avoid prolonged sun exposure between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. Wear loose, light-colored clothing and sunscreen. Check on elderly relatives, young children, and those with chronic illnesses. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, which dehydrate. Never leave anyone in parked cars.
Vulnerable populations include people over 75, infants, pregnant women, and those taking certain medications. Watch for early heat exhaustion signs to prevent progression to life-threatening heatstroke.