Heat exhaustion and heatstroke demand immediate recognition and response. The difference between them determines whether someone receives first aid or emergency care.
Heat exhaustion develops when the body loses too much salt and water through sweating. Symptoms include heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, and muscle cramps. Skin appears pale and clammy. Body temperature stays normal or slightly elevated. Move the person to a cool place, lay them flat with legs raised, and give them water or a sports drink containing salt and sugar. Cool their skin with water or damp cloths. Most recover within 30 minutes.
Heatstroke is a medical emergency. The body's temperature regulation fails, and core temperature climbs dangerously high, often above 40 degrees Celsius. The person stops sweating despite extreme heat. They become confused, agitated, or lose consciousness. Seizures or loss of responsiveness can occur. Skin feels hot and dry.
Call emergency services immediately for heatstroke. While waiting, move the person to a cool place and cool their body aggressively using any available method. Pour water over them, apply ice packs to the neck, armpits, and groin where major blood vessels run close to the skin, or immerse them in cold water if possible. Do not give them fluids if they're unconscious.
Recovery from heatstroke takes longer and carries risk of lasting damage to organs. Some people experience long-term effects on heart, brain, and kidney function.
Prevention matters most. Stay hydrated during hot weather, avoid peak sun hours, wear loose clothing, and check regularly on vulnerable people like the elderly and very young.