Heat exhaustion and heatstroke demand quick recognition and action. Both conditions emerge when the body overheats in hot weather, but heatstroke represents a medical emergency.
Heat exhaustion symptoms include heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, headache, muscle cramps, and nausea. The person may feel faint. Move them to a cool place immediately. Remove excess clothing, lie them down with legs elevated, and apply cool water to skin or damp cloths. Offer water to drink if they're conscious and able to swallow. Most recover within 30 minutes with these measures.
Heatstroke is far more serious. Watch for high body temperature above 40°C (104°F), hot and dry skin, loss of consciousness, confusion, or seizures. This happens when the body loses its cooling ability entirely. Call emergency services at 999 immediately. While waiting, move the person to a cool location and apply ice packs or cold water to cool the body rapidly, focusing on the neck, armpits, and groin where major blood vessels run close to the surface. Immerse them in cool water if possible.
The distinction matters because heatstroke can cause organ damage and death if untreated. Heat exhaustion, while uncomfortable, usually resolves with rest and fluids. Never leave someone with suspected heatstroke unattended while waiting for help.
Prevention remains the best approach. Drink water regularly in hot weather, avoid peak heat hours, wear light clothing, and check on vulnerable people like the elderly, young children, and those with chronic conditions. Athletes and outdoor workers face heightened risk and should monitor themselves closely for early warning signs.